What Were Jesus’ Last Words?

What Were Jesus’ Last Words on the Cross?

Some believe that the Bible is inconsistent when it comes to Jesus’ last statements on the cross, and that this is true. The argument is that Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 appear to be in conflict with Luke 23:46 and John 19:30, which is the basis of the argument. However, there is a logical solution for this claimed discrepancy in the Bible that may be offered.

Scriptures – What Were Jesus’ Last Words on the Cross?

Matthew 27:46

Then, at about the ninth hour, Jesus shouted out in a piercing voice: ″Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?″ (Eli, Eli, what do you want me to do? ″My God, my God, why have you deserted me?″ says the speaker. Matthew 27:46 (KJV)

Mark 15:34

Furthermore, at the ninth hour, Jesus said loudly, ″Eloi, Eloi, lema sabbthani?″ (Behold, the Lord has spoken in a loud voice). ″My God, my God, why have you deserted me?″ the phrase reads in part. Mark 15:34 is a biblical passage.

Luke 23:46

In a loud voice, Jesus then said to the Father: ″Father, into your hands I submit my spirit!″ After saying this, he took his final breath. Luke 23:46 (NIV)

John 19:30

Jesus remarked, ″It is done,″ after receiving the sour wine. He then lowered his head and surrendered his spirit, signifying the end of his life. 19:30 John the Evangelist

The Answer – What Were Jesus’ Last Words on the Cross?

The Order of Jesus’ Last Words

  • The following is the most likely sequence of Jesus’ final words: ″Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?″ ″It is completed,″ (Matthew and Mark)
  • ″It is finished,″ (John)
  • ″Father, I place my spirit in your capable hands!″ (Luke)

Both Matthew and Mark claim that Jesus cried out again after saying ″Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?″ (Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?) And Jesus screamed out with a loud voice once again, this time surrendering his spirit.Matthew 27:50 (KJV) And with a piercing scream, Jesus took his last deep breath.Mark 15:37 (NIV) ″It is finished,″ Jesus screams out, and then ″gave up his spirit,″ which means that he then exclaimed, ″Father, into your hands I submit my spirit!″ According to John, when Jesus cries out, ″It is over,″ Jesus ″gave up his spirit.″ The context of the verses aids us in putting together the sequence of Jesus’ final comments to his disciples.

Between these two sentences, there is absolutely no inconsistency.

More Answers to “Contradictions” in the Bible

  • For further information on alleged and apparent inconsistencies in the Bible, see ″Contradictions″ in the Bible Answered, which has a number of additional responses. These books are also valuable sources of information: Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions Volume 1 – Ken Ham
  • Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions Volume 2 – Tim Chaffrey
  • Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions Volume 3 – Ken Ham
  • Demolishing Supposed Bible Contradictions Volume 4 – Tim Chaffrey

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  • What Was Written on the Cross? What Was Written on the Cross?

The Seven Last Words of Jesus from the Cross Explained

Christian’s pause on Good Friday to reflect on the magnitude of Jesus’ sacrifice for us in suffering a humiliating and gruesome death by crucifixion is an annual tradition. It’s a good moment to reflect on what Jesus went through for us, in all of its agony and intensity, rather than hurrying ahead to the wonderful news of Easter, resurrection, and new life, which will come later.

The Last Words of Jesus

Christians have historically thought on Good Friday by reading and pondering on the seven final words of Jesus as he hung on the cross, which have been a part of their tradition for centuries.The following are the last words spoken by Jesus before he died on the cross, according to Luke: At this point, it was around the sixth hour, and there was complete darkness over all of the area until nearly nine hours later, when the sun’s light vanished.And the temple’s curtain was split in two by the earthquake.

In a loud voice, Jesus then said to the Father: ″Father, into your hands I submit my spirit!″ After saying this, he took his final breath.(See also Luke 23:44)

Significance of Jesus Last Words

In this text, Jesus’ final words are recounted in a poignant manner.All things considered, Jesus’ labor on the crucifixion had almost been completed when he cried out, ″Father, into your hands I submit my spirit!″ This statement effectively completed the job.A conversation Jesus had with religious leaders regarding his position in God’s grand plan is where the meaning of Jesus’ remark comes from: ″I am the good shepherd,″ he said.

The sheep know who I am, and I know who they are, just as the Father knows me and I know the Father; and I am willing to lay down my life for them.In addition, I have other sheep who are not members of this flock.I’ll have to bring them along as well, and perhaps they’ll pay attention to my voice.As a result, there will only be one flock and one shepherd.

  • Since of this, the Father loves me, because I lay down my life in the hope that I will be able to pick it up again.
  • No one can take it away from me, but I choose to put it down of my own free will.
  • I have the authority to put it down and I also have the authority to pick it up and put it down again.
  • ‘I have been given this responsibility by my Father.’ (See also John 10:14) No one was able to take Jesus’ life from him in its whole.
  • He had been assigned a specific job by God.
  • That duty was to lay down his life on the cross in the name of the entire world (John 10:18).
  1. As it was Jesus’ God-given job to lay down his life, it was also Jesus’ decision whether or not to do so.
  2. When we read about Jesus’ life leading up to his crucifixion, the severity of his decision becomes even more obvious.
  3. During the night of Luke 22:39-41, Jesus spends a frantic evening in prayer, battling with the enormity of the tasks that lie before of him.

Jesus goes so far as to implore God to withdraw the responsibility from his hands and to find another method, but he eventually comes to the conclusion that God’s decision must be carried out.

The Seven Last Statements of Jesus

First, according to Matthew 27:46, Jesus was about to enter the ninth hour when he cried out: ″My God, my God, why have you abandoned me?″ 2.″Father, please forgive them since they are completely unaware of what they are doing″ (Luke 23:34).’By interceding on their behalf through this prayer, Jesus fulfilled an Old Testament prophesy that had been prophesied hundreds of years before by the prophet Isaiah.’ This prayer, particularly from the cross, would have served as a confirmation of His identity to people who had been looking forward to the coming of their beloved messiah, as predicted by the prophets of God.″ (Excerpt from Amy Swanson’s book Why Did Jesus Say ″Father Forgive Them″?

Why Did Jesus Say ″Father Forgive Them?″ 3.I swear to you that from this day forward, you’ll be with me in paradise (Luke 23:43).The only people who were guilty of their crimes were the two men who were hanged next to Jesus on that dreadful day.Jesus was blameless, without sin, and was not the perpetrator of such a heinous killing.

  • Despite the fact that both men talked to Jesus, only one would die and be welcomed into the promise of Heaven.
  • As a result, Jesus’ response to the criminal was deep, as He assured this sinner that he, too, would enter the gates of Heaven and dwell in Paradise that same day!
  • Excerpt from What Did Jesus Mean When He Told the Thief ″Today You Will Be with Me in Paradise?″ by Cally Logan, What Did Jesus Mean When He Told the Thief ″Today You Will Be with Me in Paradise?″ by Cally Logan 4.
  • ″Dear Woman, here is your kid!″ and ″Here is your mother!″ are both phrases that are heard.
  • Following His mother’s identification as standing near the cross with the Apostle John, Jesus transferred the care of His mother to the Apostle John’s duty.
  • (See also John 19:26–27.) It was through Jesus that His loving mother and His beloved disciple were able to form a new friendship.
  1. In his words to her, ″Woman, see your son, for whom, from this day forward, you must have a motherly attachment,″ and in his words to John, ″Behold your mother, to whom you must perform a sonly duty,″ That disciple then escorted her to his own house starting at that hour, which would remain in his memory for the rest of time.″ (Excerpt from Why Did Jesus Say ″Woman, Behold Your Son?″ Why Did Jesus Say ″Woman, Behold Your Son?″ 5.
  2. ″I’m a little thirsty″ (John 19:28).
  3. In this instance, Jesus was responding to the Messianic prophesy from Psalm 69:21, which stated, ″They put gall in my food and vinegar in my thirst.″ We may think of ″thirsting″ as a metaphor for Christ’s command to ″hunger and thirst for righteousness″ (Matthew 5:6).

Yet another possible connection would be to draw a relationship between this remark and Christ’s invitation to those who are thirsty to come and drink from the fountain of life (Revelation 22:17).These interpretative connections are not necessarily incorrect.Jesus’ declaration of thirst comes from a point of bodily fatigue on the part of the disciples.Mild, if not severe, dehydration would have resulted from the hours he had spent in the heat combined with the physical discomfort he was experiencing.Jesus speaks of his own thirst as a way of expressing a genuine human desire for nutrition and comfort.″Jesus is physically thirsty when he is hanging on the cross.″ (Excerpt from What is the Meaning and Significance of Jesus Saying ″I Thirst?″ by Rev.

Kyle Norman, What is the Meaning and Significance of Jesus Saying ″I Thirst?″ 6.″It has been completed!″ (See John 19:30.) The mission that His Father had given Him to carry out, which included teaching the Gospel, performing miracles, and bringing His people back together, was successfully completed.″The debt owed to sin was satisfied.″ In the words ″It is completed,″ Jesus is stating that the debt due by man to his Creator as a result of Adam’s transgression has been fully and permanently discharged.With the words ″it is finished,″ Jesus is stating that not only does He take away man’s sin, but that He has now removed it as far as the east is from the west, because it has been completed, completed, signed, and sealed because of the blood of Jesus.

  • It was when Jesus exclaimed, ″It is done,″ (John 19:30), that he brought about the fulfillment of all of the Old Testament prophesies, symbolism, and foreshadowings concerning Himself.″ ″It is finished,″ according to Dave Jenkins in his book The Meaning and Significance of ″It is finished.″ 7.
  • ″Father, I surrender my spirit into your hands!″.
  • (Luke 23:46) Jesus freely laid down his life for others.
  • ″Because He was both entirely God and totally man, Jesus had the ability to remove himself from the cross, stay alive, and exercise His divine authority,″ says the author.
  • He made the decision not to do so.
  • Because of His divine essence, He was forced to make the conscious decision to let go of his life.

This statement is a straight quotation from the passage of Scripture in which it is found.″For you are my rock and my stronghold; and for the sake of your name, you lead me and guide me; you deliver me from the trap they have set for me, since you are my sanctuary,″ the passage reads.″I surrender my spirit into your hands; you have redeemed me, O LORD, trustworthy God,″ I commit my spirit into your hands, and you have redeemed me, O LORD, loyal God.″ (Excerpt from ″Father, into your hands I surrender my spirit,″ by Bethany Verrett, from the book Beautiful Meaning Behind ″Father, into your hands I commit my spirit″).

  1. Jesus was faced with the enormous duty of laying down his life as a ransom for the sins of the entire human race.
  2. This was a terrible and difficult assignment, yet Jesus volunteered to take on the challenge.
  3. After three hours of dangling from the cross, Jesus eventually decided to give his life for the sake of others.
  4. In the hands of those who crucified him, Jesus was not helpless; he was the only one who had the authority to put an end to his life.
  5. ″The Son of Man came…

to sacrifice his life as a ransom for many,″ Jesus says in Matthew 20:28.″The Son of Man came to give his life as a ransom for many.″ He planned the crucifixion from the beginning of time; he is known as ″the Lamb who was slaughtered from the foundation of the world″ (Matthew 26:28).(Revelation 13:8).

  • However, Jesus’ death is still considered to be a death.
  • It is still a heinous crime against humanity.
  • Despite the fact that Jesus yielded, this does not imply that all was well.
  • Death was visited upon the creator of life by nefarious men (Acts 2:23).

Jesus, on the other hand, submitted to wickedness and injustice because he understood who was actually in power.

Saved by the Blood of Christ

The tale does not end here; there is still hope, which we commemorate on Easter Sunday.But for the time being, let us take a minute to remember the agonizing sacrifice of our Lord and Savior.You can express your gratitude to Jesus for his unwavering love and loyalty, which prompted him to lay down his life as a ransom for your sins.

According to the website Crosswalk.com, ″In Christianity, Easter is celebrated on the third day following the crucifixion as the celebration of Jesus’ resurrection from the grave.Easter commemorates the fulfillment of the prophesy of the Messiah, who would be persecuted, die for our sins, and rise on the third day from the dead (Isaiah 53).Remembering the resurrection of Jesus is a powerful way to reaffirm our everyday optimism that we have won the battle against sin.According to the New Testament, Easter is celebrated three days after Jesus’ death on the cross was commemorated.″ Find out more about the Origins and Meaning of the Holiday of Easter.

  • Justin Holcomb is an Episcopal priest who also serves as a theology professor at Reformed Theological Seminary and Knox Theological Seminary in Knoxville, Tennessee.
  • Justin is the author of On the Grace of God, as well as Rid of My Disgrace and Save Me from Violence, which he co-authored with his wife Lindsey.
  • He is also the editor of Christian Theologies of Scripture, which he founded in 2000.
  • You may find him on social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, as well as his own website, JustinHolcomb.com.
  • Image courtesy of Getty Images/BulentBARIS.
  • Learn more about the meaning and significance of the Easter festival and Holy Week events by reading the following articles: What is the significance of Palm Sunday?
  1. What is the significance of Maundy Thursday?
  2. What is the significance of Good Friday?
  3. What is the significance of Holy Saturday?

What exactly is Easter?At Easter, the Son of God took on the sins of the world and beat the devil, death, and the grave in a single battle.Then, how come the most magnificent period in human history is surrounded by scared fisherman, loathed tax collectors, marginalized women, wimpy politicians, and disloyal friends?When you read The Characters of Easter, you’ll get to know the odd group of regular individuals who were there to witness the miracle of Christ’s death and resurrection.As a devotional or study for both individuals and groups, this FREE audio offers a fresh perspective on the Lenten season.It is available to download now.

7 Last Words Jesus Christ Spoke on the Cross

During his final hours on the cross, Jesus Christ made seven final comments to the world.These statements are cherished by Christ’s disciples because they provide a look into the depths of his suffering in order to bring about salvation.They are recorded in the Gospels between the time of his crucifixion and his death, and they demonstrate both his divinity and his humanity.

These seven final remarks of Jesus are given here in chronological order to the extent that it is feasible to do so based on the approximate sequence of events depicted in the Gospel accounts.

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1) Jesus Speaks to the Father

23:34 (Luke 23:34) He then replied to the Father, ″Father, pardon them, for they have no idea what they are doing.″ (According to the New International Version of the Bible (NIV), this is how it is rendered.) Throughout his ministry, Jesus demonstrated his ability to forgive sins.The forgiveness of both foes and friends was something he had taught his students.Jesus was now putting into reality what he had preached, forgiving his own tormentors.

The heart of Jesus, even in the midst of his great agony, was focused on others rather than on himself.We can see the character of his love in this passage: it is unconditional and heavenly.

2) Jesus Speaks to the Criminal on the Cross

Luke 23:43 (NIV) In all seriousness, today you will join me in paradise, I swear to you.″ (NIV) Unknown to the rest of the convicts who were crucified with Christ, one of them recognized Jesus and professed confidence in him as Savior.As Jesus convinced the dying man of his forgiveness and eternal salvation, we can see God’s grace being poured forth through faith in this passage.In fact, Jesus assured the thief that he would enjoy eternal life with Christ in paradise that same day, and he would not even have to wait.

Because of his faith, he was welcomed into God’s kingdom right away.

3) Jesus Speaks to Mary and John

John 19:26–27 (KJV) In response to the presence of his mother and the adjacent presence of the disciple whom he cherished, Jesus addressed his mother as ″Dear lady, here is your son,″ and the beloved disciple as ″Here is your mother.″ (NIV) When Jesus looked down from the cross, he was still overwhelmed with the concerns of a son for his mother’s material needs on the terrestrial plane.Because none of his brothers were there to provide care for her, he delegated this responsibility to the Apostle John.Christ’s humanity is plainly visible in this passage.

4) Jesus Cries Out to the Father

Matthew 27:46 (KJV) And at about the ninth hour, Jesus cried out in a loud voice, saying, ″Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani?″ (Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani?″My God, My God, why have You deserted Me?″ says the speaker.(As it appears in the New King’s James Version, abbreviated as NKJV.) Mark 15:34 is a biblical passage.

Then about three o’clock in the afternoon, Jesus cried out in a loud voice, ″Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?″ which translates as ″My God, my God, why have you abandoned me.″ NLT stands for New Living Translation, and that is the translation used here.) The first verses of Psalm 22 were said by Jesus during the most difficult hours of his suffering.And, although much has been speculated about the meaning of this word, it was abundantly clear that Christ was in anguish as he announced his separation from God.In this scene, we witness the Father turning away from the Son as Jesus bore the entire brunt of our guilt on his shoulders.

5) Jesus Is Thirsty

John 19:28 (NIV) Jesus saw that everything had come to a close, and in order to fulfill the Scriptures, he declared, ″I am thirsty.″ Jesus turned down the first sip of vinegar, gall, and myrrh (Matthew 27:34 and Mark 15:23) that was brought to him in order to ease his agony.In this passage from Psalm 69:21, however, we find Jesus fulfilling the messianic prophesy that has been prophesied since the time of the creation of the world.″They offer me a glass of sour wine to quench my thirst.″ (NLT)

6) It Is Finished

In John 19:30, Jesus says ″It is completed!″ he said.(New Living Translation) Jesus understood that he was being crucified for a reason.He had previously said in his life, in John 10:18, that ″No one can take it away from me, but I choose to put it down of my own free will.

I have the authority to put it down and the authority to pick it back up again if necessary.This is a directive that I got from my Father.″ Because what was completed here was not just Christ’s earthly existence, not only his suffering and death, and not only the payment for sin and the redemption of the world—but the fundamental reason and purpose that he came to earth was completed as well—these three words were dense with meaning.His ultimate act of submission had been completed.The Scriptures had been brought to completion.

7) Jesus’ Last Words

Luke 23:46 (NIV) When Jesus cried out in a loud voice, he was saying, ″Father, I submit my spirit into your hands.″ When he had finished speaking, he took his last breath.(NIV) Jesus concludes his discourse with the verses of Psalm 31:5, which he addresses to God the Father.In his entire reliance on his heavenly Father, we may see him at his most vulnerable.

As he had done every day of his life, Jesus approached death in the same manner in which he had lived: by offering his life as a perfect sacrifice and leaving himself in the hands of God.

What were the seven last words of Jesus Christ on the cross and what do they mean?

  • Answer to the question Following are the seven remarks that Jesus Christ made while hanging on the cross (in no particular order): ″Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?″ Jesus cried out with a loud voice about the ninth hour in Matthew 27:46, which translates as ″My God, my God, why have you left me?″ in English.
  • God had to ″turn away″ from Jesus due to the sins of the entire world being thrown on Him, and as a result, God had to communicate His sentiments of abandonment by saying, ″I feel abandoned.″ While Jesus was bearing the weight of sin on His shoulders, He was also experiencing the single time in all of eternity that He would be separated from God.
  • This was also a fulfillment of the prophetic prophecy contained in Psalm 22.1 (2) ″Father, please forgive them since they are completely unaware of what they are doing″ (Luke 23:34).
  • It is possible that those who executed Jesus were not fully aware of the gravity of what they were doing since they did not recognize Him as the Messiah.
  • In spite of the fact that they were ignorant of divine truth, Christ’s prayer in the midst of their insulting Him represents the unlimited compassion and love that God has for all of His children.
  • (3) ″I tell you the truth, today you will be with me in paradise,″ says the narrator.
  • ″ (Luke 23:43).
  • One of the prisoners on the crucifixion is comforted by Jesus in this chapter, who assures him that after death, he will be with Jesus in heaven.
  • This was given because the offender had shown his trust in Jesus, recognizing Him for who He truly was, even at the hour of his execution, and the court ruled in his favor (Luke 23:42).
  • (4) ″Father, I surrender my spirit into Your hands″ (Luke 23:46).
  • Christ’s ready surrender of His soul into the Father’s care indicates that He was going to die – and that God had accepted His offering of Himself.
  • He ″gave God an untainted offering of himself″ (Hebrews 9:14).
  • (5) ″Dear Lady, please accept this as your son!″ ″Here is your mother!″ says the other.
  1. When Jesus saw His mother standing near the cross with the Apostle John, whom He adored, He gave John the responsibility of caring for His mother.
  2. And it was at that point that John accepted her into his own house (John 19:26-27).
  3. In this passage, Jesus, ever the caring Son, is making certain that His earthly mother would be taken care of after His death has taken place.
  4. (6) ″I’m thirsty,″ says the speaker (John 19:28).
  5. They placed gall in my meal and vinegar in my thirst, and this was Jesus’ fulfillment of the Messianic prophesy from Psalm 69:21: ″They put gall in my food and vinegar in my thirst.″ Having shown thirst, He encouraged the Roman soldiers to administer vinegar, which was usual at the crucifixion, therefore fulfilling the prophesy of the elders of Israel.
  6. ″It has been completed!″ (7) (See John 19:30.) Jesus’ final remarks indicated that His suffering had come to an end and that the whole task His Father had assigned Him to do, which included preaching the Gospel, performing miracles, and obtaining eternal salvation for His people, had been completed, achieved, and fulfilled.

The obligation owed to the devil was satisfied.Return to the previous page: Questions concerning the deity of Jesus Christ What were the seven last words spoken by Jesus Christ before he died on the cross, and what did they symbolize?

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Jesus’ Last Words

  • When it comes to becoming witnesses for Christ, Josh Holland, Crusade Associate for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, gives some scriptural insight on how important it is to allow the Holy Spirit operate through us in order to be effective witnesses.
  • According to the Bible, Jesus did not instantly go to the heavenly realms once He resurrected from the grave.
  • The resurrected and glorified body of Jesus spent forty days on earth before returning to heaven.
  • It is during this time period that we see Jesus come to the disciples throughout the gospels in order to encourage and educate them.
  • Despite having spent three years with Jesus, these disciples were still expecting, praying, and longing that Jesus would literally establish His kingdom right then and there on the spot.
  • According to Acts 1:7, he reminded them, ″It is not for you to know the times or dates that the Father has established by his own authority.″ He desired for them to concentrate on their role as His witnesses.
  • He then spoke to them in Acts 1:8 what would be His very final words on earth: ″But you will receive authority when the Holy Spirit comes upon you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and throughout Judea and Samaria, as well as to the ends of the earth.
  • ″ Don’t you believe that if all God wanted from you was to establish a relationship with you, He would have taken you to paradise as soon as you accepted Christ as your Savior?
  • The development of our deep relationship with Christ will continue throughout the eternity of time.
  • His departure from us is because there is a Gospel to preach, a Jesus to proclaim, and Good News to share with the rest of the world, among other things.

Ready to Answer

  • To be trustworthy witnesses in our daily lives, Jesus has enlisted our assistance.
  • ″Always be prepared to provide an explanation to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have,″ says 1 Peter 3:15, ″for God has given you a reason to hope.″ ″However, do so with care and consideration.″ When I was a college student, I had the chance to share Christ with an atheist who lived in my dorm.
  • Eric was a good friend of mine, and we became fast friends.
  • I had a strong impression that the Holy Spirit was softening his heart.
  • I explained to him that being an atheist requires a higher level of faith than being a Christian.
  • The beginning of creation can be traced back to nothingness or to somethingness.
  • He began to follow the line of thought that had taken him there.
  • I presented the Gospel with him and informed him that if he died in his sleep that night, he might pray to be received into Christ right then and there, and that he would be in the presence of God for all eternity as a result.
  • I could see tears welling up in his eyes, and I was convinced that this was the moment he would decide to become a Christian.
  • ″Josh, I’m simply not ready right now,″ he explained.
  • However, I prayed with him anyhow, and he returned to his dorm room after that.
  • It took me several hours to get over the disappointment of not receiving a response from him.
  • Because I changed schools at the conclusion of the semester, I lost touch with him quickly after that.

An Unforgettable Lesson

  • When I was discussing Eric with a friend who is active in college ministry, she indicated that he was attending an overnight retreat the next weekend.
  • Incredulous, I inquired of a buddy whether this was the same Eric who had resided on our floor as a freshman.
  • He confirmed it and informed me that Eric had been given new life in Christ and was actively involved in college ministry leadership at the time of his conversion.
  • It was during that phone discussion that God revealed to me that we are not accountable for the harvesting of the crops.
  • Rather, we are accountable for spreading a seed and being consistent in our efforts to inform others.
  • We all have a single goal, and that is to carry out Jesus’ last words on the cross.
  • Pay attention to them as you’ve never before.
  • They are really necessary.

What were Jesus final words to his disciples before he ascended into heaven?

  • It is written in Matthew 28:19-20 that Jesus’ final remarks to his followers were as follows: So go and make disciples of all countries, baptizing them in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, as Jesus instructed.
  • Instruct these new pupils to follow all of the instructions I have given them.
  • Subsequently What criteria does God use to choose who gets to go to heaven?
  • If a person depended on Christ’s death and resurrection as the atonement for their sin, God will determine whether or not that person will go to heaven or hell (John 3:18; 1 Corinthians 15:1–4; Ephesians 2:8–9; 1 John 5:13).
  • What was the very last thing Jesus spoke to his disciples?
  • Christ’s last words were ″it is finished,″ which he spoke just before taking his last breath.
  • When Jesus realized that his mission was complete, he declared, in accordance with the Scripture, ″I am thirsty.″ Because there was a container of sour wine nearby, they wet a sponge in it and placed it on a hyssop branch, which they then brought up to his lips.
  • In addition to the foregoing, In the aftermath of his Resurrection, what was the first thing Jesus said to his disciples?
  • The Savior then appeared to Simon Peter, and thereafter to the other apostles as well as to the rest of the congregation.
  • Then he said, ″Peace be upon you.″ ″Behold my hands and my feet, and know that it is I myself: handle me, and see; because a spirit does not have flesh and bones, as you see me having.″ ″Behold my hands and my feet, and know that it is I myself: handle me, and see″ (Luke 24:36, 39).
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What was Jesus last command before he went to heaven?

  • It is commonly referred to as the ″New Commandment″ in Christianity, and it refers to Jesus’ commandment to ″love one another,″ which, according to the Bible, was given as part of his final instructions to his disciples after the Last Supper had concluded and after Judas Iscariot had left the scene in John 13:30.
  • What makes you think God should let you into heaven?
  • ″God, there is absolutely no reason at all why you should allow me into heaven,″ is the only response that will meet the query, ″Why should I let you into paradise?″ I confess that I am a sinner.
  • Nevertheless, I believe that Jesus died in my place for my sins, and I am grateful for His sacrifice on my behalf.″ What is the best way to tell if I’m going to heaven?
  • Is it possible that God knows whether or not I shall get to heaven?
  • Yes, God knows whether a person will go to paradise or hell at the moment of their death.
  • This is due to the fact that He is constantly mindful of the past, present, and future.

What was Jesus last word on the cross before he died?

  • Father, please forgive them since they are completely unaware of what they are doing.
  • I swear by my Lord and Savior that thou shall be with me in paradise today.
  • What was the true name of Jesus?
  • Jesus’ given name in Hebrew was ″Yeshua,″ which translates to ″Joshua″ in the English language.
  • What does the letters INRI stand for on a cross?
  • INRI is commonly considered to relate to ″Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum,″ which translates as ″Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews,″ but there appears to be more to it than that.
  • So, what exactly did Jesus say when he arose from the dead?
  • 7 Then immediately inform his followers that he has been raised from the grave, and that he is on his way to Galilee, where he will be seen, as I have already spoken.
  • 8 And they hurried away from the tomb, filled with terror and great delight, and hastened to tell his disciples what had happened.
  • 9 And lo and behold, Jesus appeared in front of them, hailing them all.

What did Mary Magdalene say to Jesus?

  • Such a woman lives on as Mary Magdalene in Western Christianity and in the secular Western imagination, all the way down to the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar, in which Mary Magdalene sings, ″I don’t know how to love him…,″ and in which she sings, ″I don’t know how to love him…,″ among other things.
  • He’s only a man, and I’ve had a lot of men in my life already…
  • I really want him to be happy.
  • What caused Jesus’ appearance to change after his resurrection?
  • Yes, Jesus Christ was raised as a strong spirit entity after his death and resurrection.
  • Then, throughout the course of the following 40 days, Jesus manifested many forms in order to appear to his students, since he had much to share and teach them.
  • His own followers were unable to recognize him until he spoke, demonstrating that he had not been resurrected in his original physical form.
  • Why did Jesus go to the heavenly realm after 40 days?
  • In the end, Jesus, who declared Himself to be God and then demonstrated that claim by rising from the dead, completed His purpose on earth.
  • All who believe in Him will have everlasting life since He died for the sins of the world and rose again to give them life in the hereafter.
  • After completing His task, He ascended into the celestial realm.
  • When was Jesus baptized, and how old was he at the time?
  • Age 30 marked a watershed moment in the history of both the Levites and the rabbis, as it marked the beginning of their respective ministries and teachings.
  1. In order to be baptized by John at the Jordan River when Jesus ″began to be around thirty years of age,″ he traveled to Bethlehem.
  2. (See also Luke 3:23.)

What was Jesus first command?

  • To this, Jesus said, ″Thou must love the Lord thy God with all of thy heart, and with all of thy soul, and with all of thy mind.″ The first and most important commandment is this.
  • The second commandment is similar to the first: ″Thou shall love your neighbor as thyself.″ How do you respond to the question of why I should let you into heaven?
  • ″God, there is absolutely no reason at all why you should allow me into heaven,″ is the only response that will meet the query, ″Why should I let you into paradise?″ I confess that I am a sinner.
  • Nevertheless, I believe that Jesus died in my place for my sins, and I am grateful for His sacrifice on my behalf.″ What do you think God will ask you when you reach heaven?
  • When you stand before God and he asks you, ″Why will I let you to enter paradise,″ what will your response be?
  • Originally Answered: ″Your Son, Jesus, gave his life in order to save me.
  • No one can deny that I do not deserve to be here, yet I have been guaranteed a spot because of Christ.″ What would you reply if you were standing at the gates of heaven and God asked you why you should be allowed to enter?
  • originally answered: If you died and God inquired as to your reasons for deserving admission to Heaven, what would your response be?
  • As far as entering heaven is concerned, I believe that I have no right to do so, but that Jesus’ death for my sins and resurrection have provided me with justification.
  • I cling just to thy cross, that is all.

What age do you automatically go to heaven?

  • RCIA, Catechism, and Prayer lessons are taught by a practicing Catholic.
  • There are no genuine age restrictions to enter either heaven or hell.
  • To be admitted to heaven, one must be baptized, and if they are over the age of reason (about 7), they must have repented all significant sins and partake of the Eucharist, among other requirements.
  • What are the three different levels of heaven?
  • In accordance with this vision, all humans will be resurrected and, at the Final Judgment, will be allocated to one of three degrees of splendour, which are referred to as the heavenly, terrestrial, or telestial kingdoms, respectively.
  • What do you think God will ask me when I finally arrive to heaven?
  • When you stand before God and he asks you, ″Why will I let you to enter paradise,″ what will your response be?
  • Originally Answered: ″Your Son, Jesus, gave his life in order to save me.
  • No one can deny that I do not deserve to be here, yet I have been guaranteed a spot because of Christ.″

Reflecting on the Seven Last Words of Christ

  • During this time of reflection on Christ’s sacrifice on Good Friday, the Seven Last Words of Jesus provide us with tremendous insight into His thinking as He took on all of mankind’s sins in one act.
  • By uttering these words, He forgives His adversaries as well as the contrite thief.
  • He also calls out to God, announcing the conclusion of His earthly existence.
  • I hope that this quick contemplation may be of use to you as you observe Good Friday.

The First Word

  • ″Father, pardon them, for they are completely unaware of what they are doing.″ 23:34 (Luke 23:34) The Father already knows what the Son is thinking, but via these words, the Father and Son allow us to share in their thoughts as well as their understanding.
  • They draw our attention to the fact that forgiveness is made available to us through this sacrifice, and that it is through forgiveness that we are set free from the sin and falsehoods that have entrapped us.

The Second Word

″Amen, I say to you, today you shall be with me in paradise,″ the narrator says. Luke 23:43 (NIV) When the contrite thief admitted his sin and evil, Christ accepted him and welcomed him into his kingdom. Our redemption is also possible if we recognize our own depravity.

The Third Word

″Woman, have a look at your son. ″Son, take a look at your mother.″ John 19:26–27 (KJV) When we hear this term, our attention is drawn away from the drama of the crucifixion and onto those who stand at its foot. She is established as John’s mother as well as our mother in the faith as a result of this event.

The Fourth Word

  • ″My God, My God, why have you deserted me?″ says the narrator.
  • Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 are two passages that speak to this issue.
  • Psalm 22 is being quoted by Jesus.
  • Through the Word, Christ expresses his acceptance of His suffering to the Father.
  • That Psalm, like Christ’s suffering, will come to a conclusion of victory and hope.
  • Christ does not give himself to the Father; rather, Christ abandons himself to the Father of his own volition.

The Fifth Word

″I have a thirst.″ John 19:28 (NIV) Mother Teresa’s ministry began when Jesus appeared to her and instructed her to build a community that would fulfill His need for souls. This was the beginning of her ministry. As an analogy, we witness Jesus’ thirst at the cross, not only on a bodily level, but also on a spiritual level, indicating His desire for us to know and love Him.

The Sixth Word

″It has been completed.″ Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 are two passages that speak to this issue. Creation is being healed as a result of the words we have just read. The Father’s wrath has been appeased. We are given freedom, cleanliness, and grace as a result of His compassion being conveyed to the people of God.

The Seventh Word

  • Father, I entrust my spirit into Your care.
  • ″ Luke 23:46 (NIV) For the sake of all of us, Jesus bends His head and hands up His spirit to His Father.
  • This historic and wonderful moment indicates that the past has come to an end, and that a bright future awaits everyone who choose to embrace it.
  • When Jesus was crucified, it pointed the way forward to a road of hope that would lead the saved to an unending future with Jesus, His Father, and the Holy Spirit.
  • The following is an adaptation of the Basilica’s 2018 Lenten Reflection Series.

Farewell Discourse – Wikipedia

  • According to Duccio’s Maesta, which was completed between 1308 and 1311, Jesus is bidding farewell to his eleven surviving followers.
  • Chapters 14–17 of the Gospel of John are referred to as the Farewell Discourse because they were delivered by Jesus to eleven of his disciples immediately following the end of the Last Supper in Jerusalem on the night before his execution, according to the New Testament.
  • The discourse is typically considered to be composed of several components.
  • First and foremost, Jesus informs the disciples that he will be departing to the Father and that he would send the Holy Spirit to instruct them.
  • The disciples are given serenity by Jesus, and he instructs them on how to love one another.
  • Throughout the talk, the expression of the oneness of love between Jesus and his Father, in the Spirit, as it pertains to his followers in the love of Christ, is a central subject, as demonstrated by multiple repetitions of the New Commandment: ″love one another as I have loved you.″ The True Vine metaphor, which appears in the next section of the speech, portrays Jesus as the vine (the source of life for the entire world) and the disciples as the branches, expanding on the pattern of discipleship established by Jesus and his disciples in the gospels.
  • The Vine stresses the love that exists among the disciples once again, but Jesus then cautions them about forthcoming persecutions, saying, ″If the world hates you, remember that they hated me before they hated you.″ ″I’ve told you these things so that you may rest certain that you are in good hands.
  • You will encounter difficulties in this planet.
  • But don’t lose heart!
  • I have triumphed over the entire universe.″ 16:33 (John 16:33) Finally, in the last section of the sermon (John 17:1-26), Jesus prays for his disciples as well as for the future Church.
  • As the Farewell Prayer or the High Priestly Prayer, this is the longest prayer recorded in any of the gospels and is the longest of Jesus’ prayers.
  • Its key themes are the exaltation of the Father and the requests for the unity of the disciples via love, which are both expressed throughout.
  • To the Father, Jesus asks that his disciples ″be one as we [the Father and Jesus] are one″ and that ″the love with which you love me [Jesus] [may be in them, and I in them].″

Structure and overview

  • Contains John 17:23–24, which is taken from the end of the Farewell lecture on Papyrus 108 (second or third century). However, while chapters 13 to 17 of the Gospel of John may be seen as a single bigger and monolithic unit, the majority of chapter 13 can be considered as a preparation for the farewell and the last goodbye prayer in chapter 17 can be considered the unit’s end. Following 13:31–38 (just after Judas leaves the last supper), in which Jesus gives his remaining eleven disciples the New Commandment to ″love one another,″ he predicts Peter’s denial of knowing him during his upcoming crucifixion, and concludes with 13:39–42 (just after Judas leaves the last supper). The speech begins after the actual cleaning (the washing of feet) and the symbolic purification of the community of disciples (the departure of Judas), and it continues until the end of the talk. A four-part structure may be established for the discussion: The first speech is found in 14:1–31. In this section, the topic is departure and return
  • peace and joy, and it is similar to the third speech in this section. After saying he will be returning to the Father, Jesus says he will send the ″Comforter″ to comfort the disciples.
  • The second discourse is found in 15:1–17. This section, which is also known as the Vine, is concerned with Jesus’ love and the way in which Jesus is the source of life for the community. At the conclusion of this part, it leads to the subject of world hatred in the following section.
  • The third talk goes from 15:18 to 16:33. This passage once again deals with Jesus’ departure and the Comforter who will be sent to the disciples
  • it again compares Jesus’ love with the hostility of the world
  • and it concludes with a prayer.
  • The ″Farewell Prayer″ is found in verses 1–26 of the Bible. During this prayer for his disciples and the entire community of followers, Jesus makes five specific requests of the Father
  • they are as follows:
  • Scholars, on the other hand, are not unanimous in their agreement on this four-part arrangement, and the third section is sometimes considered to begin at the beginning of John chapter 16, which is incorrect.
  • A three-part arrangement is used by some academics, in which chapters 15 and 16 are combined to make a single section.
  • It is repeated multiple times during the sermon, underscoring the importance of remembering the words of farewell delivered by Jesus.
  • The phrase ″while I am still with you″ then serves to emphasize the significance of the final instructions that are provided.
  • This speech is replete with Christological substance, as evidenced by the repetition of the Pre-existence of Christ in John 17:5, in which Jesus alludes to the glory that he shared with the Father ″before the world was created.″
See also:  What Animals Were Present At Jesus Birth

The four elements of the discourse

Part 1: My peace I give unto you

  • Jesus declares that he will go to the Father and affirms his divine relationship with him in verses 1–14
  • the commandment of love, as well as the entrance of the Holy Spirit, are also mentioned in verses 15–24.
  • Jesus bestows peace on the disciples and assures them that they should not be afraid (14:25–31)
  • After telling the disciples that he would be going to the Father, they get apprehensive about what is to come next in this section.
  • Nonetheless, Jesus promises them that he will ″go to make a space″ for them in his Father’s home, and that they should be aware that the only way to go there is via him.
  • The following phrase is found in John 14:6: ″I am the way, the truth, and the life: no one comes unto the Father but by me.″ According to the early Christian community, teachings that identified Jesus as the only way to the Father were incorporated into their teachings, as stated by Apostle Peter in Acts 4:12: ″And there is salvation in no one else: for there is neither another name under heaven, that has been given among men, whereby we must be saved.″ to see Jesus as the one and only way to eternal life In John 14:7-9, Jesus declares his oneness with the Father, saying, ″If you know me, you will also know my Father″ and ″Whoever has seen me has also seen the Father.″ Furthermore, the remark made by Jesus in John 14:11, ″I am in the Parent and the Father is in me,″ further establishes their particular relationship with the father.
  • ‘The Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name,’ John 14:26 says.
  • This line fits into a larger framework of ″sending connections″ that can be found throughout John’s gospel.
  • When Jesus refers to the father as ″he that sent me″ in John 9:4 (as well as 14:24), he is referring to the Father.
  • In John 20:21, he declares, ″as the Father hath sent me, even so send I you,″ which is where he sends the disciples.
  • Furthermore, in John 15:26, Jesus promises to send the Holy Spirit to those who believe in him, saying, ″whom I will send unto you from the Father, the Spirit of truth,″ who will ″bear testimony of me.″ The Father is never ″sent″ in John’s gospel, yet he is ″the sender″ of both Jesus and the Holy Spirit, according to the gospel.
  • The Spirit is never the messenger; rather, the Father and Jesus are the ones who send him (however, see Filioque controversy).
  • According to the Bible, Jesus’ bestowal of peace in 14:27 is particularly contrasted with political ″worldly peace″ by stating: ″Peace I leave with you; my peace I give vnto you: not as the world gives, give I unto you.″ According to Koestenberger, this was most likely intended to contrast the ″Heavenly peace″ of Jesus with attempts at earthly peace at the period, such as the Pax Romana created by Emperor Augustus, at the time of Jesus’ death.
  • It is only in John 20:19–26 that the term peace (eirene) is used, and apart from one other use in the Farewell Discourse (16:33), it is only used by the risen Jesus in the Gospel of John.

Part 2: I am the vine, you the branches

  • Christ the True Vine, a Greek icon from the 16th century.
  • Continuing the theme of Jesus as the source of life for the community, this section expands on the pattern of discipleship outlined in the Gospel of Matthew and Luke.
  • In the beginning of the discourse, Jesus declares, ″I am the genuine vine,″ which led to the title ″The Vine″ being used to refer to this teaching.
  • In the next verses, the disciples (and hence the community) are referred to as the branches that rely on the vine: ″I am the vine, you are the branches: He who abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for apart from me ye can do nothing.
  • – John 15:5 (NIV) According to John 15:9–10, the relationship between Jesus and his disciples is analogous to that of His relationship with his Father: ″as the Father has loved me, I also have loved you″; ″keep my commandments, as I have kept my Father’s commandments″; and ″keep my commandments, as I have kept my Father’s commandments.″ This pattern is repeated later in the conversation in John 17:18, as Jesus ″sends the disciples into the world,″ just as the Father had sent him into the world.
  • As a result of following this pattern of discipleship, one is reminded of the Good Shepherd teachings in John 10:1–21, according to which one ″lays down his life″ in obedience to the Lord.
  • When it comes to fruitfulness, the topic of the teaching stresses that dwelling in Jesus is the only way to do so, and that it is the fastest way to do so.
  • Then there is the fact that Jesus refers to his disciples as his friends, as follows: ″Ye are my friends, provided you do the things that I instruct you.″ – John 15:14 (NIV) 15:17 concludes this section of the sermon by emphasizing the significance of love once more, as Jesus says, ″These things I command you, so you may love one another.″

Part 3: If the world hates you

  • A statement from the Farewell Discourse is featured on a stained glass window: ″Ye shall experience affliction in this life,″ the Bible says.
  • As he prepares his followers for struggle and rejection from the world, Jesus reminds them that he had previously suffered adversity: ″If the world hates you, you know that it hated me before you.″ (John 15:18–16:33) ″They despised me for no apparent reason.″ ″If they tormented me, they will also persecute you,″ Jesus warns the disciples, implying that they will be persecuted too.
  • Similar comparisons between Jesus and his followers are drawn once more in this passage, as they were before in the speech.
  • It’s brought up again in the First Epistle of John (3:13), where the brethren are reminded: ″Do not be surprised, brothers, if the world hates you.″ Again, Jesus draws comparisons between himself and his Father when he says in John 15:23, ″He who hates me hates my Father as well.″ However, Jesus comforts the disciples by assuring them that he will send the ″Comforter,″ whom he will send to them from the Father, the ″Spirit of truth,″ which proceeds from the Father, will bear witness to him: ″But when the Comforter comes, whom I will send unto you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall bear witness of me.″ And Jesus goes on to say that the Holy Spirit will not come unless he departs, and he implies that the Holy Spirit will be in charge of carrying out the remainder of his mission in the world.
  • ″Father himself loves you, for ye have loved me, and have believed that I came out from the Father,″ Jesus assures the disciples, establishing yet another link with the love of the Father for them.
  • ″Ye shall have tribulation in this world; but be of good cheer, for I have conquered the world,″ Jesus said.
  • Following these declarations, Jesus launches into a series of petitions for the disciples.

Part 4: Farewell prayer

  • Given that it is an intercession for the future Church, John 17:1–26 is sometimes referred to as the Farewell Prayer or the High Priestly Prayer, among other names. By far and away, it is the most extensive prayer of Jesus recorded in any of the gospels. Jesus casts his gaze upward and prays in this concluding section of his talk, whereas the earlier portions of his discourse were addressed to the disciples. The prayer takes place at a pivotal moment in Jesus’ mission, at the conclusion of his final instructions to his disciples and at the beginning of his Passion. Once the prayer is completed, the events of Jesus’ Passion and the conclusion of his earthly existence unfold in a relatively short period of time. In the prayer, Jesus delivers an account of his earthly career to the Father for the final time, and by praying to him, he reiterates his complete reliance on the Father. In the beginning of the prayer, Jesus requests that the Father glorify him as a result of the completion of his work
  • after that, he intercedes on their behalf for the success of their efforts and the success of the community of his followers. One of the most important themes of the prayer is the glorifying of the Almighty. As part of the first section, Jesus converses with the Father regarding their connection, which serves as an indirect reminder to the disciples. As a reflection of their relationship, Jesus then asks the Father to glorify him in the same way that he has glorified the Father during his earthly ministry. In reference to the theme of eternal life, Jesus states in John 17:3: ″And this is eternal life, that they should know thee the only true God.″ The Farewell Prayer is comprised of the five petitions listed below, which are: 17:1–5: Petition for glorification based on the completion of his work
  • 17:6–10: Petitions for his followers
  • 17:11–13: Petition for glorification based on the completion of his work
  • 17:14–16: Petition for glorification based on the completion of his work
  • Revelation 17:11–19 contains a petition for the preservation and sanctification of ″his own″ throughout the world
  • Revelation 17:20–23 contains a petition for the unity of ″his own″
  • Revelation 17:24–26 contains a petition for the union of ″his own″ with himself.
  • As expressed in ″I have given them the glory that you have given me, so they may be one as we are one,″ the final two pleas are for unity.
  • – John 17:22 (NIV) ″I have made thy name known to them, and I will continue to make it known to them, so that the love with which thou lovest me may be in them, and I may be in them.″ In John 17:26, Jesus pleads for the eternal oneness of himself and his disciples, which is the final prayer.
  • Duccio’s painting of Jesus (on the right) being accused by the Pharisees the day after the Last Supper depicts the day after the Last Supper.
  • Both John 17:6 and John 17:26 emphasize the significance of the name of God in Christianity, which has been interpreted as a representation of the entire system of ″divine truth″ revealed to the faithful ″who believe on his name″ according to John 1:12 in Christian teachings (e.g., by Cyril of Alexandria) and revealed to the faithful ″who believe on his name.″

Historicity

  • According to the Jesus Seminar, the words John 14:30–31 mark a conclusion, and that the next three chapters were put into the text afterwards.
  • This argument contends that Jesus’ farewell talk was not real and that it was fabricated after his death, according to the author of the argument.
  • As an analogy, Stephen Harris has questioned the validity of the dialogue because it appears only in the Gospel of John and not in the other three gospels of the New Testament.
  • Scholars such as Herman Ridderbos, on the other hand, believe that John 14:30–31 represents a ″provisional finish″ to only that portion of the discourse, rather than an ending to the full discourse.
  • Despite the fact that Fernando Segovia claims that the discourse originally consisted of only chapter 14 and that the other chapters were later added to it, Gary M.
  • Burge rejects this claim, arguing that the discourse is theologically and literarically cohesive as a whole and that it shares many themes with the gospel as a whole, such as the themes of Jesus’ death and resurrection, as well as his concern for his own.
  • A full literary examination of the complete farewell address was published in 2004 by Scott Kellum, who concluded that it demonstrates that it was written by a single author and that its structure and location within the Gospel of John are compatible with the remainder of that gospel.

See also

  • The Discourse on the Bread of Life
  • the Five Discourses of Matthew
  • Chapters 14, 15, 16, and 17 of the Gospel of John
  • The life of Jesus as depicted in the New Testament
  • The mission of Jesus
  • Discourse on the Water of Life
  • Paraclete

References

  1. A b c d e John by Gail R. O’Day and Susan Hylen 2006 ISBN 978-0-664-25260-1, Chapter 15: The Farewell Discourse, pp. 142–168
  2. a b c d e f g h I John by Gail R. O’Day and Susan Hylen 2006 ISBN 978-0-664-25260-1, Chapter 15: The Farewell Discourse, pp. 142 The Gospel of John: Question by Question by Judith Schubert 2009 ISBN 0809145499 pp. 112–127
  3. a b c d e f g h I Imitating Jesus by Richard A. Burridge 2007 ISBN 0802844588 p. 301
  4. a b c d e f g h I Reading John: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Fourth Gospel by Charles H. Talbert 1999 ISBN 15731227 Herman Ridderbos’s The Gospel According to John was published in 1997 under the ISBN 978-0-8028-0453-2. a b c d e f a b c d e f a b c d e f a b c d e f a b c d e f a b c d e f a b c d e f a b c d e f a b c d e f a b The five gospels are a collection of stories from the Bible. Introduction, pp. 1–30, HarperSanFrancisco, 1993
  5. Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible, HarperSanFrancisco, 1993. John, Jesus, and History, Volume 2 by Paul N. Anderson, Felix Just, and Tom Thatcher 2007 ISBN 1589832930 p. 273
  6. John, Jesus, and History, Volume 2 by Paul N. Anderson, Felix Just, and Tom Thatcher 2007 ISBN 1589832930 p. 273
  7. John, Jesus, and History, Volume 2 by Paul N. Anderson, Felix Just, and Tom Thatcher 2007 ISBN 1589832930 p. 273

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